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         article-type="Research Paper"
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>NFSU Journal of Forensic Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">nfsujfs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">3049-2408</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Prof. (Dr.) Naveen Kumar Chaudhary</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.63633/v3.i3.000030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nfsujfs330001</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Weaponizing Public Information: A Review of OSINT-Enabled Deepfake Types and Case Studies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutta</surname>
            <given-names>Anouska</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gundoor</surname>
            <given-names>Dr.T.K</given-names>
          </name>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6102-0094</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&apos;silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dr. Jovi Jose Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Korde</surname>
            <given-names>Charudatta G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">National Forensic Sciences University, Goa</aff>
      <aff id="aff2">National Forensic Sciences University, Dharwad</aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15">
        <month>06</month>
        <day>15</day>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons license.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>The term “Deepfake” combines “Deep Learning” and “Fake” which  refers to any manipulated or altered content. Deepfakes are AI-generated fake  videos, images, or audio recordings that look and sound incredibly realistic. With  more personal information available online on social media, news websites, and  other public platforms, the ease of creating deepfakes has become incredibly  easy. Malicious actors leverage Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) techniques to  gather publicly available information, to obtain the necessary photos, videos, and 
voice recordings to create sophisticated deepfakes and use them for fraud, disinformation, and identity theft.This paper examines five concrete types of deepfakes that take advantage of 
OSINT. These are face-swapped videos in news media, impersonation videos for business executives, fake testimonies for use in courtrooms, contextual fabrications for the manipulation of political issues, and voice cloning for phone scams.  Through analysis of documented real-world cases, this study demonstrates how  easily accessible public information has been weaponized by cybercriminals, creating unprecedented threats that undermine trust and security in our digital world.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
        <kwd>Open-Source Intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>Impersonation</kwd>
        <kwd>Contextual Fabrications.</kwd>
        <kwd>Deepfake</kwd>
        <kwd>Fake Testimonies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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