NFSU Journal of Forensic Science

This study analysed 40 different anthropometric landmark measurements of various facial phenotypes in the Naga population of India. The Nagas, a tribal population belonging to the North-East region of India, have lacked anthropometric data records pertaining to the facial features necessitating this study. Using digital sliding caliper and spreading calipers, 300 subjects (200 Naga: 123 male, 77 female; 100 North Indian population: 60 male, 40 female) aged between 18-30 years were measured, excluding those with any craniofacial deformities or surgeries. Statistical differences were found in facial measurements between Naga and Northern Indian populations, with sexual dimorphism observed in both. The male facial measurements tended to be higher, except for the ear lobes. Naga facial measurements differed from other published populations due to ethnic and environmental factors, yet few similarities were noted with the Japanese population. This study provided insights into the intricate morphological features of the face encompassing the ear, nose, eyes and mouth, in the Naga and Northern population of India. The findings of this research can contribute to establishing a reliable reference dataset for comprehensive facial traits in the realms of forensic anthropometry, forensic DNA phenotyping, facial reconstruction and aid in medical surgical procedures and craniofacial disorders.

The term “Deepfake” combines “Deep Learning” and “Fake” which refers to any manipulated or altered content. Deepfakes are AI-generated fake videos, images, or audio recordings that look and sound incredibly realistic. With more personal information available online on social media, news websites, and other public platforms, the ease of creating deepfakes has become incredibly easy. Malicious actors leverage Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) techniques to gather publicly available information, to obtain the necessary photos, videos, and voice recordings to create sophisticated deepfakes and use them for fraud, disinformation, and identity theft.This paper examines five concrete types of deepfakes that take advantage of OSINT. These are face-swapped videos in news media, impersonation videos for business executives, fake testimonies for use in courtrooms, contextual fabrications for the manipulation of political issues, and voice cloning for phone scams. Through analysis of documented real-world cases, this study demonstrates how easily accessible public information has been weaponized by cybercriminals, creating unprecedented threats that undermine trust and security in our digital world.